The Night Journey (Isrāʾ) and Ascension (Miʿrāj) of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) constitute pivotal events in Islamic tradition, serving as theological cornerstones for Muslim understandings of prophecy, cosmology, and divine-human interaction. While the Quran briefly alludes to these events (Q 17:1, Q 53:1-18), their detailed narratives emerge predominantly from ḥadīth literature and early exegetical works. This study employs a history of ideas methodology to systematically classify the diverse interpretations of the Miʿrāj among the Companions (Ṣaḥāba) and Successors (Tābiʿūn) during Islam's formative first century (1-100 AH).By reconstructing this intellectual landscape, the research illuminates how early Muslims negotiated the boundaries between metaphysical experience, communal identity, and prophetic authority. The study adopts J.G.A. Pocock's conceptual framework for tracing the evolution of ideas within their socio-historical contexts, focusing on semantic shifts in terms like Isrāʾ and Miʿrāj, functional differentiation of narratives, and their reception history in relation to pre-Islamic Arabian cosmology and Judeo-Christian eschatological traditions. This approach intentionally diverges from traditional isnād-criticism by prioritizing the content and function of narratives over their chains of transmission.The research draws on primary sources including early ḥadīth compilations such as Muṣannaf ʿAbd al-Razzāq and Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, tafsīr works like al-Ṭabarī's Jāmiʿ al-Bayān, and historical chronicles including Ibn Saʿd's al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā. ANALYSIS reveals four dominant interpretive paradigms among early Muslims: The Terrestrial Journey (Arḍī) model advocated by figures like ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb emphasized a literal physical journey from Makkah to Jerusalem with minimal supernatural elements, serving to connect Islam to Abrahamic holy sites.The Miraculous Proof (Muʿjizah) perspective, associated with Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq and ʿĀʾishah, framed the event as public prophetic authentication incorporating visionary encounters. The Eschatological Vision (Rūḥānī) interpretation by Ubayy ibn Kaʿb and Ḥasan al-Baṣrī viewed the ascent as spiritual communion, drawing on Syriac Christian ascension literature while emphasizing practical injunctions like the five prayers. Finally, the Ontological Elevation (Maʿnawī) model articulated by ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and Salmān al-Fārisī understood Miʿrāj as metaphysical transcendence, integrating Neoplatonic purification concepts that would later influence Sufi cosmology.These interpretations developed within a rich historical context that included pre-Islamic Arabian cosmology's tripartite universe and Zoroastrian soul journey narratives, as well as early Islamic developments like the Umayyads' political instrumentalization of the narrative and theological debates about prophetic corporeality and cosmological structure. The findings demonstrate how Miʿrāj narratives significantly impacted Islamic doctrine by solidifying Muhammad's status as Khatam al-Nabiyyīn and reinforcing bodily resurrection concepts, while methodologically illustrating early Muslims' creative adaptation of existing motifs and challenging simplistic orthodox/heterodox binaries.Ultimately, this typology reveals the Miʿrāj as a polysemic event that accommodated diverse theological needs from communal identity formation to metaphysical speculation, suggesting promising avenues for future research on classical Sufi commentaries and other later developments. The study underscores the value of intellectual history approaches for understanding early Islamic thought and its complex engagement with multiple cultural traditions.

The scientific legacy of Imam Hadi contains various subjects, among which jurisprudence is of great importance due to the practice of Shia according to it, especially in the era of the government of the opponents of Ahl al-Bayt. The present article aims to clarify the jurisprudential legacy of Imam Hadi and seeks to answer the question of how Imam Hadi's jurisprudential legacy can be categorized or divided. Using narrative and historical sources, the author has categorized the jurisprudential legacy of Imam Hadi into three groups (narratives, letters and Sira) through a descriptive and analytical method. Each of these three categories include various jurisprudential issues such as purification, saying prayer, fasting, Hajj, jihad, khums, zakat, trade and commerce, judgment, hudud, food and drinks, and other jurisprudential issues. Of course, the way of expression of rulings is also different, in some cases, like letters, sometimes the general ruling has been expressed and sometimes attention has been paid to the details. It also has different types in terms of shape, structure and volume of the letter and its audience.

The present research aims at identification and typology of clitics in Vafsi based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) parameters. This study is analytical and library-based as the Vafsi examples in this study are mostly from Vafsi corpus gathered by Stilo (2004b) in form of 24 Vafsi folk tales and also from his other works on Vafsi (Stilo, 2004a, 2010). In other cases, Bögel et al. (2018) and Yousefi (2021) along with native speakers are consulted. The results of this study show that, first, compared to Zwicky and Pullum’s (1983) and Sadock’s (1991) criteria in classification of clitics, Aikhenvald’s (2003) parameters set, not only is inclusive of all the criteria belonging to two other classifications, but also, contrary to the binary approach of them, it has the advantage of investigating clitics on a multi-dimensional continuum of features from a completely bound morpheme to a completely free one. Next, based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) parameters set, it has been shown that Vafsi has eight types of clitics, which only the characteristics of the eighth type, i. e. Vafsi oblique PAMs, are affected by phonological-prosodic factors. In the end, based of indelibility and locality features of agreement markers, it has been shown that Vafsi oblique PAMs are in fact inflectional affixes, so they cannot be considered as clitics.

From past decades, the study of “ clitic” , as a dependent and intermediate element that simultaneously represents some shared properties of the two morpheme types-“ free word” and “ affix” , has been the center of attention for different linguistic approaches as well as the investigation issue for scholars from different linguistic fields. Among them, by focusing on distinctive features as well as discovering and proposing universal parameters for clitics, language typologists have also played a crucial role in identifying, analyzing and explaining their TYPOLOGICAL behavior and, as a result, have paved very effective steps in developing the studies for this challenging linguistic unit. Considering the determinant position and the undeniable importance of analyzing understudied linguistic variants in TYPOLOGICAL surveys, the present study tries to evaluate and analyze the North and South Bashā gardi pronominal clitics based on Aikhenvald’ s (2003) TYPOLOGICAL model and universal parameters, and hence, to achieve a theoretical explanation for their TYPOLOGICAL nature, characteristics, tendencies and behavior. To this end, the research intended linguistic corpus was collected in a natural environment of language use by fieldwork method and via questionnaires, translating selected structures and sentences, and recording the free speech of eight (five men and three women) native, middle-plus aged, illiterate, and permanent resident informants, and then was transcribed and analyzed. According to the authors’ initial hypothesis, the nature, tendencies, and behavior of the investigated elements in Bashā gardi are compatible with Aikhenvald (2003)’ s proposed universals for clitics. In like manner, the research findings overtly show that the clitics’ universal properties and TYPOLOGICAL behaviors and tendencies, such as freedom in host selection, non-correlation with phonological words, correlation with syntactic words, appearance after all affix types, and having phonological coherence, idiosyncratic phonotactics, segmental structure, syntactic order, syntactic domain and syntactic rules are implemented in Bashā gardi clitics along with possible theoretical explanations for those properties and tendencies. As a result, the TYPOLOGICAL parameters of the documented research model maximally approve the authors’ hypothesis and hence, the clitichood of all the studied elements.

In German, a relative clause is marked by relative pronoun, which agrees with their head noun in gender and number. However, relative clauses in Farsi are always introduced by using a conjunction “ke”. This difference could be Iranian and German learners when learning languages, German and Farsi to confront difficulties. The present study focuses on relativisation strategies based on TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS and tries to show how relative clauses use these strategies and where the place of Farsi and German in these categories is? The results of this study will demonstrate that German using relative pronoun strategy which is a kind of pronoun-retention strategies. However, the syntactic role of head noun in relative clause in Farsi is marked with various strategies, including gap strategy and personal pronoun strategy.

during previous years, Iran’s economy has been faced with numerous fluctuations, while in some cases it turned to a financial crisis as that of 2011-2012. However, the main question is that whether the financial crisis during 2011-2012 has been similar and predictable based on previous financial crises of Iran’s economy. In the present research, firstly, based on previous studies in the subject of Iran’s financial crises, the years of financial crises in Iran’s economy during years of 1978-2012 were determined. The corresponding results have indicated that three kinds of financial crises including Currency Crises, Money Crises and Twin Crisis (simultaneous Money and Currency Crisis), were occurred in Iran’s economy during 1979-2008. Then the financial crisis periods (in which two or more financial crisis years are included) were determined, the political and economic events during each of them were expressed and the reasons of occurrence of financial crises in each of them were described. Then the data of 10 macroeconomic variables of Iran’s economy belonging to 1978-2012 were deployed. Based on data of 1979-2008 as input data and information about crisis and non-crisis year and special kind of financial crisis in each crisis year as target data, the LVQ model was trained, in order to learn crisis and non-crisis patterns (behavioral patterns of macroeconomic variables in crisis and non-crisis years), and to learn to recognize the various kinds of crisis patterns (to understand which kinds of financial crises has been occurred in each crisis year). Then the trained model (trained model based on data of 1979-2008) was simulated using the data of 10 macroeconomic variables of Iran’s economy during 2008-2012, in order to access the capacity of occurred financial crises of years of 1979-2008 to explain and predict the financial crisis of Iran’s economy during 2011-2012. The results of simulation process indicated that the financial crisis of Iran’s economy during 2011-2012 has had a completely different kind of crisis pattern, compared with those patterns which have occurred in Iran’s economy during 1978-2012.

One of the major and long-running discussions in the field of Quranic sciences refers to the question of the language of Qur'an. So far, numerous studies have been done on the features of the language of Qur'an in various aspects. However, the results of these studies are not based on detailed analyses of modern linguistic theories. Therefore, the present study with a dual function, using a descriptive-analytic method within the Systemic Functional Linguistics of Halliday and Matthiesson (2014), aims to investigate first the modal structure of the dialogues between God Almighty and Devil in four Suras of A'rā f, Ḥ ijr, Isrā ' and Ṣ ā d examining certain aspects of the Quranic language and then, according to the results of this study, using the cognitive concept of prototype of Rosch (1978), Greenberg’ s markedness hierarchy (1966) and Croft’ s frequency criterion (2003) point to a cognitive and TYPOLOGICAL explanation of these results in order to better understand the structural features of the Quranic language. The main results of the research show that the language of the Qur'an uses the same mechanisms and rules governing the interactions of human language, thus linguistically being a simple, not literary and specific language.

Transect theory and approach have recently turned into one of the fundamental principles of urban design and planning in the urbanization systems in Europe, the United States and more recently the middle-east, its main goal is reaching the sustainable development patterns in urban areas. A consensus regarding the operationalizability of this theory and approach for creating a sustainable urban form, explains the necessity of analyzing and surveying its generalizability to Iran urbanization system. The following article tries to shed light on this new theory and approach (Transect) and to analyze and discuss its probable advances and weaknesses on controlling and guiding urban form through the typology of its lineage theories and approaches.findings of the research show that the transect model is, in fact, a type of linear cross-section which takes advantage of nature ecological principles to lead and control of urban areas based on the urban character. Also, by reviewing the literature of the subject toward the transect model and its background theories and approaches and to defy its similarities and differences; typology was performed based on 8 criteria: philosophical orientation; elements of concern; how to use ecology as a basic discipline of theory or approach; urban design and planning paradigms; purpose of employing cross-sections; type of considered order; considered elements of the place, extent of theory or approach. Analyzing this theoretical framework shows that the transect theory has a relative improvement based on all of the TYPOLOGICAL criteria except paradigms of urban design and planning and considered elements of the place. Therefore, theorizing or expanding the theory and approach of the transect is recommended in order to solve its shortcomings and weaknesses along with attending to all of the aspects of the place and synchronizing with the paradigm of evolution as the superior paradigm of urban design and planning.

Causatives are part of minds universalities and they are always expressed in all languages. Among several available methods for encoding causative notion, morphological, lexical, and analytic causative constructions are common in languages. But the frequency and amount of their occurrence are different among them. This research aims in describing and analyzing different types of causative constructions in Azeri Turkish based on Comrie (1989) TYPOLOGICAL model and knowing about the methods it uses for causativisation. This research's language variety is spoken in west-north of Iran in Ardabil, eastern and western Azerbaijan provinces. The data are mostly gathered via documental method and interviewing 10 informants (5 males and 5 females) from illiterate to educated levels in the ages 45-80 years old. The results show that based on the prominent TYPOLOGICAL views, it can be said in Azeri Turkish language in addition of using morphological, lexical, analytic, compound, and discoursal causatives, morphological causativization is much more generative than the others due to agglutinative nature of this language, and potentially every non-causative predicate can change to causative by adding causative morpheme.

Many linguists consider compounding as one of the most generating word-formation process utilized by most world languages to expand their lexical scope, a claim which stands true about Rū dbā ri dialect (Kerman province) and its various geographical variants, as well. In this process, two free morphemes co-occur and create a compound linguistic unit. Since Rū dbā ri compound nouns are much more frequent than other compound words, this paper will just focus on the study of its compound nouns. In more technical terms, this research attempts to synchronically analyze the compound nouns used in Qal’ e-Ganji variant of Rū dbā ri from a TYPOLOGICAL point of view and based on three criteria suggested by Bauer (2009) including headedness, the order of elements in compounds, and the semantics of compounds. The needed linguistic corpus has been collected through interview and free speech recording of suitable informants, questionnaire, note-taking and linguistic intuition. The results indicate that Rū dbā ri, like most world languages, does not show invariable TYPOLOGICAL properties but works along a continuum and hence, the term "general tendency" should be used to describe its intended TYPOLOGICAL properties. Specifically, the general tendency of today's Rū dbā ri of these three TYPOLOGICAL criteria is towards the headless compound nouns, head-initial compound nouns, and exocentric compound nouns, respectively.